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Genesis
Noah’s Flood, Global or Local?
Genesis 10 The Table of Nations!
Genesis 11:1-9 The Tower of Babel!
Genesis 18-19 Sodom and Gomorrah!Genesis
Genesis 37-50 The Story of Joseph!
Was There An Historic Adam?
There are three different ways the Hebrew word "adam" is used in Genesis.
"Adam" can just mean the generic term for mankind in general, or male in
particular. In Genesis 1:27 the term "adam" includes both male and female
referring to all humanity. In Genesis Two "adam" refers to a male in contrast
to a female. The second use is a historical person named Adam. Hess states
that not until chapter 4:25 is a historical person meant (Hess 1997, 31).
The third use of "adam" as a title, is seen in ancient Near Eastern parallels
where the lu-sign for ruler means "man" (Hess 1990, 7).The Hebrew adam and
the Sumerian a-dam are similar in usage. Both can mean humans or humanity
(Hess 1993, 18). A.W. Sjoberg suggests that a-dam, a-meaning arm or side,
and dam meaning spouse, must be a Canaanite loanword in Sumerian (Ibid.).
The Hebrew word eve means to live. The Sumerian logogram TI meaning to enliven
is also a homonym for the word rib (Ibid., 20). As a general rule in the
Hebrew, when adam has a definite article, it means man or human; while adam
with no article is a personal name (Hamilton 1990, 159).
The name "adam" in Genesis seems to be a word play with the name for "ground,
adamah" from which man was formed (Hess 1997, 31). The Hebrew root word for
"adam" means "red" (Hess 1993, 15).
The historical Adam may be the same man named "Allum" the first king in the
Sumerian King List See
http://www.ashmol.ox.ac.uk/ash/faqs/q001/q001006.html
(The Weld-Blundell Prisim) who lived before the great flood. He was the first
king of Eridu which may be the Biblical Eden. The Sumerians are the oldest
known civilization. See
http://www.eliki.com/ancient/civilizations/sumerian.
Adam is also equated with Adapa, the first sage of Eridu (Shea 1977, 27;
Fischer 1996, 308). Shea explains that the "p" in Adapa could change to "m"
in Hebrew giving the name Adama (Ibid., 37).
The other key word is the meaning of "image." Is this to be taken physically
or spiritually? The preposition "B" in this phrase means "According to, after
the pattern of" (Wenham 1987, 29). A close parallel is in Exodus 25:40 where
Moses is told to build the tabernacle "after the pattern" seen on the mountain.
There are five main views of the meaning of "image." (1) The likeness is
two aspects of man’s nature. This is according to early Christian views
like Irenaeus. (2) The image refers to the mental or spiritual side of man.
(3) It is the ability to relate to God, to have a relationship with God.
(4) The image makes man God’s representative on earth. Man is God’s
vice-regent on earth. (5) The image is physical. In the ANE kings were considered
to be the "image of God" even the very "son of god." This does not mean the
king looked like God but describes the kings divine right and function as
ruler. It seems that view 4 can be combined with view 5. The king is ruling
in God’s place. Man is to rule over all of creation on earth (verse
26). This same word "image" is used in Genesis 5:3 when Seth is "after his
(Adam’s) image." Although man had much in common with animals, it was
being in the "image of God" that made him different (Wenham, 30). It seems
the Hebrews have democratized the "image of God" to refer to all mankind,
and not just the king.
Did the Ancients Live Longer?
Methuselah is said to of lived 969 years (Genesis 5:27). Allum, the first
Sumerian king, ruled for 28,800 years, but the numbers in Genesis 5 and the
Sumerian King List may be based on the sexagesimal system of the base 60
which the Sumerians invented. That is why we have 60 seconds in a minute,
and 60 minutes in an hour. The oldest known way was to count each day, so
if one divides by 360 (the number of days in their year), one will come up
with the number of years he ruled which is 80 years. The next set of reigns
after the great flood in the Sumerian King List is much lower and is probably
based on lunar months (or 60), and the final set is most likely solar years
(see also Walton, 1981, 207, and 1989, 129; Herodotus I:32).
Robert Best argues that scribes mistranslated the archaic Sumerian time sign
U4 for year as "shar" meaning 3600 (1999, 118). Land sale documents were
usually dated with the regnal year, month, and day (Ibid., 121). This may
be the orignal way that the Sumerian King List should be understood, so 18
shar would equal 18 years. For more information see his website and click
on How old wasNoah? at
http://www.noahs-ark-flood.com/
Where is the Garden of Eden?
In order to locate Eden one must understand the ancient words being used.
The "source" or "head" of the river is what we would call the "mouth" of
the river (Hess & Tsumura, 1994, 178-9). Therefore all four rivers would
empty into the Persian gulf. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers are easy to
locate. Speiser identifies the possibilities of the other two as the
Gihon=Diyala, Kirkha, or Kerkha and Psihon=Kerkha, Karun, or Wadi er-Rumma
respectively (Ibid., 181, Map and more information at
http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/rels/2/lectures/lecture3.html).
If Gihon is identified with Kerkha, then the rivers of Eden are listed
in an east to west direction, and the Pishon would be the Karun river in
Elam.If Eridu may be equated with Eden then the Garden would be just east
of Eridu where a branch canal produced abundant crops (Fischer 1996, 222).
It should be noted that back then the Persian gulf would have been extended
all the way back to Eridu and Ur.
Some think the Hebrew word "eden" is from the Sumerian word "edin" meaning
"plain" and its Akkadian equivalent is edinu (Fischer 1996, 223) which refers
to the land between the Trigris and Euphrates Rivers.
Other scholars equate the garden of Eden with the similar description of
ancient Dilmun. See
http://emuseum.mankato.msus.edu/archaeology/sites/middle_east/dilmun.html.
Dilum was probably the island Bahrain in the Persian gulf.
There is a Sumerian story entitled Enki and Ninhursag which describes a paradise
similar to Eden only it is called Dilmun. It says:
The land Dilmun is pure, the land Dilmun is clean; The land Dilmun is clean,
the land Dilmun is most bright. In Dilmun the raven utters no cries, The
ittidu-bird utters no the cry of the ittidu-bird, The lion kills not, The
wolf snatches not the lamb, The sick-eyed says not "I am sick-eyed," The
sick-headed (says) not "I am sick-headed," Its old woman (says) not "I am
an old woman," Its old man (says) not "I am an old man,"He filled the dikes
with water, He filled the ditches with water, He filled the uncultivated
places with water. The gardener in the dust in his joy (ANET 1969, 38-9).The
geography surrounding Eden seems to be the same before the flood as well
as after the flood. The same rivers and mountains are mentioned. This seems
to indicate that Noah’s flood was local. There is an excellent article
on this by John Munday Jr entitled Eden’s Geography Erodes Flood Geology
(Westminster Theological Journal 58:1. 123-44, 1996).
Where Did Cain Get His Wife?
Many have assumed that Cain took one of his sisters for a wife, but no children are mentioned until Seth was born much later in Genesis 4:25. Eve is said to give birth to "his brother." No mention is made of a sister, and the Bible does not say Cain’s wife was "his sister." Cain left Eden alone before he took a wife. How could Cain be afraid of people that would kill him if there are only three people on earth. God set a mark on Cain so that anyone who found him would not kill him. This implies a number of other people were living at this time, or there would be no need of a mark. Cain settled in the land of Nob with enough people to build a city after Cain’s wife gives birth to Enoch. Cain names the city after Enoch (Fischer 1996, 231-7; There is some debate over who built this city. See Wenham 1987, 111). There seems to be many more people besides the Adam’s family. Some divide them as the Adamites and the Pre-Adamic race.
The Mark of Cain!
There may be a direct parallel in the Nuzi Tablets. Nuzi IV 369,42 states that the mark or sign means "banishment, excommunication" (Westermann 1994, 313). Here, the mark was the shaving of the head (Rabinowitz 1961, 55-59).
Enoch Walked With God!
Enoch, the seventh from Adam (Jude 14), who "walked with God and was not, for God took him" (Genesis 5:24) is probably the same person as Utuabzu the seventh sage in the Uruk King List. It states, "Utuabzu, who ascended to heaven" (Hess & Tsumura 1994, 231). The Uruk List in addition to the Sumerian King List has seven sages corresponding to the seven kings that ruled before the flood. The sages bring different kinds of culture and learning. Cain’s line seems to parallel the beginning of culture and crafts (Genesis 4:18-22).
Genesis 6-9 Noah's Flood
Chiasmus or Palistrophic Structure
The flood story has an interesting structure called a chiasmu from the Greek
letter Chi that looks like an "X". The order is stated then restated in reverse
order.
Introduction (6:9-10)
1. Violence on the earth (6:11-12)
2. First speech: intent to destroy earth (6:13-22)
3. Second speech: go into the ark (7:1-10)
4. The Flood starts (7:11-16)
5. The flood rises (7:17-24)
Climax-God remembers
Noah (8:1a)
5a.The Flood recedes (8:1b-5)
4a.Drying off of the earth (8:6-14)
3a.Third speech: leave the ark (8:15-19)
2a.Will not destroy earth again (8:20-22)
1a.Fourth speech: the covenant (9:1-17)
Conclusion (9:18-19), (see Anderson 1978, 38; Wenham 1987, 156)
Another Palistrophic Structure
7 days waiting for the flood (7:4)
7 more days waiting for the flood (7:10)
40 days of rain (7:17a)
150 days of rising water (7:24)
150 days of receding water (8:3)
40 days of waiting (8:6)
7 days waiting (8:10)
7 more days waiting (8:12), (see Wenham 1978, 337-39; 1987, 157)
One Year Cycle
From the first date given (7:11) to the last date mentioned (8:14) makes the flood last exactly one year and 11 days. This was a lunar year of 354 days plus the 11 days makes it equal to exactly one solar year of 365 days. Ancient people believed that the symbolic numbers held the key to the mysteries of the universe (Wenham 1987, 179). Jaubert suggests that these dates are following the calendar used in the Book of Jubilees which was 364 days which means each date falls on the same day of the week. Thus Noah observed the Sabbath and the ark stopped traveling on Friday (Ibid., 180-1). God is seen as working in a seven day cycle.
Noah’s Flood, Global or Local?
Noah is probably the same person as Ziusudra of Shuruppak in the Sumerian
King List (See
http://www.ashmol.ox.ac.uk/ash/faqs/q001/q001006.html).
and Utnapishtim in the Gilgamesh Epic. The Sumerian and Babylonian flood
story is very similar to Noah’s flood in the Bible (List of similarities
at
http://www.cumber.edu/acad/rel/hbible/HebrewBible/hbmisc/floodsim.htm).
In Sumerian the name of flood hero is Ziusudra. The Sumerain flood story
is found in the text entilted "Eridu Genesis" (See
http://www.piney.com/EriduGen.html) that starts off with
a creation story. In Babylonian (Akkadian) the flood hero is named Utnapishtim.
Dalley states, "it is just possible that an abbreviation of
(Uta)-na’ish(tim) was pronounced 'Noah' in Palestine from very early
times" (1989, 2). Just as my name is spelled differently in Greek or Hebrew,
so too we can not expect the name for Noah or Adam to be spelled the same
in a foreign language. The King Lists would put the flood about 2900 BC.
Another very important flood story is Atrahasis because it parallels the
first eleven chapters of Genesis.
The Biblical story of Noah’s flood is a beautiful chiastic structure
with "God remembers Noah" (Genesis 8:1) as the pinnacle of the poem (Wenham
1987, 156; Kikawada & Quinn 1985, 104).
The Noahic flood was a local flood that covered all the known world at that
time which was the Mesopotamian valley. When Luke 2:1 says that the whole
world was taxed, it is not talking about the whole world as we know it which
includes North America, South America, Australia, and Antarctica. In Luke
2 "world" means only the Roman empire around the Mediterranean Sea. There
are many places in scripture where "all the earth" does not mean the whole
globe as we know it. (See
http://www.angelfire.com/cgi-bin/admem?category=)
The same is true of Noah’s flood. Geology shows no evidence of a world
flood at Noah’s time (See
http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/6flood.htm,
) but archaeology has found a layer of mud that probably is from Noah’s
flood of 2900 BC. In the Mesopotamian valley (Young 1995).
Wood From Noah’s Ark?
Navarra claims to have brought back pieces of wood from the Ark, but when these were laboratory tested by radiocarbon analysis, they only dated back to about 700 AD. (Bailey 1977, 137). For more Ark hoaxs see http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/ark-hoax.html.
Where is Noah’s Ark?
The Bible says that the ark landed on the mountains (plural) of Ararat. There
is an unusual rock formation that looks like a boat and has similar dimensions
as described in the Bible (using the Egyptian cubit). It is located in Eastern
Turkey near the village of Uzengili near the Dogubeyazit district in the
Ararat mountain range. It is called the Durupinar site. See
http://www.genesisfiles.com/durupinar.htm.
The Turkish government has built a visitors center and named the area
Noah’s Ark National Park (Wyatt, 1989). I think the story of Noah’s
ark became the explanation for this unusual rock formation in ancient
times.
There is another famous picture of what looks like an ark on Mt. Ararat,
but this also turned out to be just a rock formation. In ancient times the
landing site of the ark was mount El Judi, and not Mt. Ararat. See
http://biology.swau.edu/ehrc/papers/global/noah/default.html.
Impossible Flood Geology!
There are many reasons why Noah’s flood can not account for all the
geology we have. The Bible says all life on earth was destroyed by the 40
days and nights of rain. There were no survivors! Genesis 7:21-23 says, "All
flesh died that moved upon the earth, both of fowl, and of cattle, and of
beast, and of every creeping thing upon the earth, and every man: All in
whose nostrils was the breath of lifeÖand Noah only remained alive,
and they that were with him in the ark." If everything died how can there
be millions of dinosaur tracts in different layers when 22 feet of water
covered the earth. How can there be dinosaur nests with eggs, and young dinosaurs
running around in the middle of the flood. According to the Bible all life
was destroyed by the flood, yet there are many animal tracts, nests, ripple
marks, and erosion between layers.
The flood does not account for the thousands of annual layers of varies,
thousands of layers of ice, coral reef growth, evaporates, and many layers
of coal deposits (Wonderly 1987). One of the greatest misunderstandings is
that dinosaurs and humans lived together, and therefore Noah must have brought
dinosaurs on the ark. There were no dinosaurs on the ark. Dinosaurs died
out 65 million years ago. For a personal testimony see
http://members.aol.com/Ceaa151b/a5.html.
Genesis 10
The Table of Nations
7 Key Points
1. There is a fondness for the number 7. Japhet’s sons and grandsons
total 7. This is by design just like the genealogies in Matthew one are 3
groups of 14.
2. There is a total of 70 nations which was the common belief in the ancient
world. 70 is also a traditional round number for large group of descendants
(Wenham 1987, 213). This is only a small part of the world that we know day.
There is no mention of the far East like China or Japan. Nor is there any
mention of Indians in North or South America. Acts 2 seems to be a reversal
of Babel. It reflects the view of the world at that time which is similar
to the division of the earth among the signs of the zodiac (Bruce 1977, 61).
The Jewish Midrash (Tanchuma 26c) said that the earth was divided into 70
languages.
3. A majority of scholars see a first-millennium date for this chapter, because
some of the people listed were not known until this time. For example, the
Philistines did not come to Canaan until 1200 BC. Oded argues that this chapter
is based on the early view that man was divided into three groups, urban
dwellers (Ham), nomadic peoples (Shem), and seafarers (Japhet).
4. While many names mentioned are personal, others are place names, like
Sidon and Sheba, and others are group names like Amorites.
5. "Son of " can mean a treaty relationship, not a blood line. It may refer
to the political or geographical relationship, and not genealogical lines
(Wenham 1987, 215).
6. The geography of Genesis 10 is similar to geography in the ancient Near
East. The Babylonian Map of the world (See
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/AncientWebPages/103.html)
pictures a circle earth surrounded by a circular sea with islands (nagu)
across the sea (Horowitz 1990, 35). Japheth seems to inhabit the islands
of the sea which surround the circular earth. The Sargon Geography which
is preserved on several tablets also has similar geography (Horowitz 1998,
67).
7. There is a chiastic structure to this genealogy. Noah’s son are listed
in this order: Shem, Ham, and Japheth; then they are discussed in reverse
order (Hamilton 1990, 331).
The Tower of Babel
Another Palistrophic Structure
A The whole earth had one language (v.1)
B There (v2)
C each other (v3)
D Come let us make bricks (v.3)
E Let us build for ourselves
(v.4)
F a city and a tower
G the
Lord came down (v5)
f the city and the
tower
e which mankind had built
d comeÖlet us mix up (v.7)
c each other’s language
b from there (v.8)
a the language of the whole earth (v.9)
There are many word plays, chiasmus, paronomasia, and alliteration that are
used in this story (Wenham 1987, 234). Words seem to rhyme with babel.
The Babylonian story Enuma Elish (See
http://www.cyberconnect.com/gilgamesh/enuma1/enuma1.htm)
celebrates the building of Babylon and its temple tower which was a ziggurat.
The Tower of Babel was most likely a ziggirat. The Sumerian epic Enmerkar
and the Lord of Aratta tells of a golden age when everyone spoke in one language,
then the god Enki changed their speech (Wenham 1987, 236; COS 1997, 547).
In those days, there being no snakes, there being no scorpions, there being
no hyenas, there being no lions, there being no dogs or wolves, there being
no(thing) fearful or hair-raising, mankind had no opponents-
in those days in the countries Subartu, Hamazi, bilingual Sumer being the
great country of princely office, the region Uri being a country in which
was what was appropriate, the country Mardu lying in safe pastures, (in)
the (whole) compass of heaven and earth the people entrusted (to him) could
address Enlil, very in but a single tongue.
In those days, (having) lordly bouts, princely bouts, and royal bouts-(did)
Enki, (having) lordly louts, princely bouts, and royal bouts-having lordly
bouts fought, having princely bouts fought, and having royal bouts fought,
did Enki, lord of abundance, lord of effective command, did the lord of
intelligence, the country’s clever one, did the leader of the gods,
did the sagacious omen-revealed lord of Eridu estranged the tongues in their
mouths as many as were put there. The tongues of men which were one (COS
1997, 547-8).
Where was Abraham's Ur?
Abraham was from the city of Ur according to Genesis 11:31. The problem is that there are several places called Ur. It is identified as "Ur of the Chaldeans." The problem with "Chaldeans" is that it is a late word used in the Neo-Babylonian times. It is either anachronistic, or this part of Genesis was written after the Exile.
There is no debate over where Haran is located, 10 miles north of the Syrian border in Turkey along the Balikh River, a tributary of the Euphrates River. Haran is an important Hurrian center, mentioned in the Nuzi tablets. The moon god, Sin was worshiped here. If Ur were located in Southern Iraq, why would Abraham travel 60 miles way out of his way to go to Haran?
There are two cities not far from Haran; Ura and Urfa. Local tradition says that Abraham was born in Urfa. Northern Ur is mentioned in tablets at Ugarit, Nuzi, and Ebla, which refers to Ur, Ura, and Urau (See BAR January 2000, page 16).
The names of several of Abraham's relatives like Peleg, Serug, Nahor and Terah, appear as names of cities in the region of Haran (Harper's Bible Dictionary, page 373). Abraham sent his servant back to the region of Haran to find a wife for Isaac (Genesis 24:10).
After working for Laban, Jacob fled across the Euphrates River back to Canaan (Genesis 31:21). If Ur were in Southern Mesopotamia, then Jacob would not need to cross the Euphrates. Laban is said to live in Paddan-Aram, which is in the region of Haran (Genesis 28:5-7), which seems to be the same area as Aram-Naharaim, Abraham's homeland (Genesis 24:10).
All this evidence taken together seems to indicate that the Ur of Abraham was in the same region as Haran in Northern Mesopotamia, and not the famous Ur in Southern Mesopotamia.
Genesis 18-19
Sodom & Gomorrah
Sodom is most likely to be identified with the modern site name Bab edh-Dhra,(See http://www.biblemysteries.com/lectures/sodom/) and Gomorrah with Numeira. Walter Rast and Thomas Schaub excavated these sites starting in 1975 (See ASOR website: http://www.biblemysteries.com/lectures/sodom/) The Smithsonian Institution has some of the remains of bones and pottery from Bab edh-Dhra in their Natural History Museum in the exhibit of "Origins of Western Culture" on the second floor. There was a total of five Early Bronze Age sites that matched the five cities of the plain mentioned in Genesis 14. Probably an earthquake caused an eruption of gas, oil, sulfur, salt, and bitumen to rain down on Sodom and Gomorrah. The Dead Sea is right on a fault line where earthquakes occur.
Genesis 37-50 The Story of Joseph
It seems most likely that Joseph rose to power during the time of the Hyksos, or just before in the 12th Dynasty when many Asiatics came into Egypt. It also seems most likely that the Exodus from Egypt should be equated with the explusion of the Hyksos. Not all the Hyksos were Israelites. It says in Exodus that a great mixed multitude came out of Egypt with Moses (Exodus 12:38).
The Greek name "Hyksos" was coined by Manetho to identify his fifteenth Dynasty of Asiatic rulers of northern Egypt. The word comes from the Egyptian Hk3(w) h3swt, which means "ruler(s) of foreign countries" (Meyers 1997, 3:133) which Manetho mistranslated as "Shepherd Kings". The Hyksos were of West Semitic background probably from southern Palestine who migrated down into northern Egypt during the 12th and 13th dynasties. At first they lived peacefully with the Egyptians until the deterioration of Egypt's power when in 1648 B.C. they captured the Egyptian capital at Memphis.
The Hyksos made Avaris their capital which is modern Tell ed-Dab'a, which was later known as Piramesse (Exodus 1:11). "Avaris" is the Greek term for the Egyptian Hwt-w'rt meaning "mansion of the desert plateau" (Meyers 1997 3:134). Other important Hyksos cities were Tell el-Yahudiyeh (meaning "mound of the Jews") known for its distinctive black and whiteware, and Tell el-Maskhuta (probably Succoth in Exodus 1:11).
Austrian Manfred Beitak excavating Tell ed Dab'a, the ancient capital of the Hyksos, between 1984 to 1987 discovered a palace and garden dating back to the 12th Dynasty with a tomb containing a statue of an Asiatic with a mushroom hairstyle that some scholars think might be Joseph (Aling 1995, 33; 1981; Rohl 1995, 327-367). Much more evidence is needed to claim for certain that this is Joseph's tomb (Redford 1970).
There is an interesting study done by Barbara Bell on the records of the Nile's water levels. She concluded that in the middle of the 12th Dynasty there were erratic Nile water levels that caused crop failure (Bell 1975, 223-269). Could this be Joseph's famine?
There is "The Tradition of Seven Lean Years in Egypt" written during the Ptolemaic period about the reign of Djoser that states: To let thee know. I was in distress on the Great Throne, and those who are in the palace were in heart's affliction from a very great evil, since the Nile had not come in my time for a space of seven years. Grain was scant, fruits were dried up, and everything which they eat was short. Every man robbed his companion (ANET 1969, 31).
The Story of Two Brothers is an Egyptian text that dates to about 1225 B.C. that is very similar to the story of Joseph. This tale tells how a young man was falsely accused of a proposal of adultery by the wife of his older brother after he had rejected her advances (ANET 1969, 23-25; Lichtheim 1976, 2:203-211).
In the 12th Dynasty Egyptian tomb of Khunum-hotep (1890 B.C.) at Beni Hasan is pictured a caravan of 37 Asiatics arriving in Egypt trading black eye paint (stibium) from the land of Shutu (ANEP 1969, fig. 3). The leader is named Ibsha and bears the title "ruler of foreign lands" from which the name "Hyksos" is derived (ANET 1969, 229). The land of Shutu is probably an ancient term for Gilead (Aharoni 1979, 146). The Ishmaelites who took Joseph down to Egypt came from Gilead through Dothan (Genesis 37:25).
In the Book of Sothis which Syncellus believed was the genuine Manetho it gives the specific time when Joseph rose to power under Hyksos king, Aphophis who ruled 61 years. It says: Some say that this king (Aphophis) was at first called Pharaoh, and that in the 4th year of his kingship Joseph came as a slave into Egypt. He appointed Joseph lord of Egypt and all his kingodm in the 17th year of his rule, having learned from him the interpretation of the dreams and having thus proved his divine wisdom (Manetho 1940, 239).
Halpern has concluded, "Overall, the Joseph story is a reinterpretation of the Hyksos period from an Israelite perspective" (1992, 98).
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